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الموضوع: oman

  1. #1
    الصورة الرمزية امير الحزن
    Title
    نبض جديــد
    تاريخ التسجيل
    11- 2006
    العمر
    42
    المشاركات
    51

    oman

    History of oman:



    There are many different opinions as to how Oman gained its name. Various sources link it to the Qahtani tribe of Oman, others to the Arabic adjective, 'aamen', which means 'a settled man'. The early Roman historian, Yalainous (23 - 79AD) was one of the first to acknowledge a city named Omana, which is also mentioned in the writings of Ptolemy.

    Oman has also been referred to as Mazoun and Magan, perhaps a direct reference to Oman's history of shipbuilding (a magan is a type of ship's chassis). Indeed, Oman was renowned for its role in ocean navigation by the magnitude of its ships and also by its prolific trade in copper, stone and timber to the Mesopotamian cities. Due to its strategic position lying on some of the world's most important trade routes, the ports of Sohar and Muttrah have held great prominence among spice, edible oil and textile trading merchants. By around 300AD, Oman was considered one of the world's wealthiest countries due to its abundance of frankincense, which, at one time, was more valuable than gold.



    Al-Qurum in Muscat is thought to be one of the oldest inhabited regions in the Arabian Peninsula. Archaeological digs have found evidence of villages which have been dated at around 6000BC, indicating the existence of communities since the Stone Age. Other excavations have unearthed dwelling sites, tombs and kilns for firing pottery, the remains of which date back to 3400-3000BC.




    Basic Informations:



    HEAD OF STATE: His Majesty Sultan Qaboos bin Said - since 1970



    AREA: 309,500 sq. km



    NEIGHBOURING COUNTRIES:


    YemenArabRepublic, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates



    POPULATION: 2,331,391 - 2003 Census


    The official language is Arabic. Islam is the official religion, but other religions are tolerated.



    CAPITAL: Muscat



    MAJOR CITIES: Salalah, Nizwa, Sur, Sohar



    CURRENCY: Rial Omani (OR) of 1,000 baizas = US$2.58



    NATIONAL DAY: 18th November



    LIFE EXPECTANCY: 73.8 years



    POPULATION GROWTH RATE: 2%-2003



    POPULATION DENSITY: 7.5



    GOVERNMENT: A bicameral system


    The Council of Oman consists of the Consultation Council and the State Council


    The Consultation members are elected by the Omani citizens, and the State Council members are appointed by HM The Sultan.



    GDP: RO7.8 million



    TIME DIFFERENCE: GMT + 4 hours


    Education :


    Primary Education
    • Official figures for the 2003/04 school year record 576,472
      students in government schools - 297,292 boys and 279,180 girls. There are 1,022 schools - 366 boys’ schools, 355 girls’ schools and 301 mixed schools.
    • There are a further 23,553 students in the Sultanate’s 129 private schools - 13,240 boys and 10,313 girls. There are also 3 schools for those with special needs and a number of schools for the children of foreigners working in the Sultanate. They all come under the auspices of the government.
    Introduction of ICDL
    • The International Computer Driving Licence (ICDL) will be adopted in the Sultanate for upgrading the computer skills of, initially, the llth grade students in all government schools from the 2004/05 school year.
    Higher Education
    • In 1994 the Ministry of Higher Education was established by Royal Decree 2/94 in order to implement educational and research plans and programmes offered by institutes of higher education under its supervision. In 1996 the private sector was invited to contribute to the higher education programme in Royal Decree 41/96. In accordance with this Decree 14 private colleges and four private universities are now operating in the Sultanate.
    • Ominsation in Educational Colleges As of 1 January 2003, the total number of staff working in the Educational Colleges was 1,051 of whom the number of faculty staff was 633, including 94 Omanis (approximately 14.8% of the total). Academic support staff numbered 213 of whom 205 were Omanis (96.2% of the total) and eight (3.8%) were expatriates. Meanwhile, administrative staff were 100% Omani. The number of Ministry of Higher Education staff on scholarships for higher degrees (Masters and Ph.Ds) is around 37 with a further 12 expected to go abroad for the same purpose in 2004 and 2005.
    • College of Law:

    • An important factor in establishing the LawCollege was the need to diversify the provision of Higher Education so as to absorb the increasing number of secondary school graduates. A further consideration was the Sultanate’s demand for specialists in the field of Law necessitated by the re-organisation of the judiciary and the extension of its competencies, as well as ancillary posts in the Public Prosecutor’s Office, clerks of the courts, lawyers and the like.
    • Agreement made additional demands for legal and judicial specialists in all fields and to this end the LawCollege was created in accordance with Royal Decree 26/1997.
    • In the academic year 2003/2004 the College’s intake was increased to 175 students (from a previous total of 120) in line with the provisions of the sixth Five-Year Plan.
    • SultanQaboosUniversity:

    • SultanQaboosUniversity was established in 1986 and, since its health service inception 17 years ago, has become known as a centre of academic excellence.
    • SultanQaboosUniversity comprises seven colleges: Arts and Social Sciences, Commerce and Industry, Education, Science, Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Health Sciences. While 557 students were admitted in the university’s inaugural year, the number admitted for the academic year 2003/4 on Bachelors, Masters and Diploma programmes totaled 3,105.
    • The number of students graduating from these programmes in the academic year 2002/3 was 2,352 and the total number of students currently enrolled at the University for the academic year 2003/4 is 12,385. This increase in student numbers has been accompanied by a corresponding increase in the quality and professional competence of its graduates.


    Woman In Oman :
    These days the high status Omani women enjoy is reflected in the priority accorded to them in the country’s development plans. Women account for half the Sultanate’s population and are encouraged to play their part in the country’s social and economic development alongside their male counterparts. In this situation working women require training to enable them to improve their effectiveness in the workplace. The development of rural and bedu women is of particular importance and they need support to enable them to improve their economic, social and cultural standards, as well as incentives to participate in the development process.

    Omani women have played a vital role in the Sultanate for as long as that society has existed. However, while they may once have been content to be good housewives and mothers, perhaps supplementing the family income with a little local trading or through weaving and handicrafts, they are now at the forefront of political and economic life.

    His Majesty Sultan Qaboos has repeatedly called upon female citizens to lend their full support to the continuing development of their country, frequently describing them as representing “half of Oman’s potential”. They have responded by seeking and securing jobs from government minister to supermarket check-out assistant, all of them striving to play a part in shaping the Sultanate of the 21st century. Oman is rightly proud to have been the first Arab country to appoint a woman as its overseas ambassador and currently three women hold positions on the Council of Ministers (with a 4th holding an *****alent role as the President of the Public Authority for Crafts Industries); another two are undersecretaries in the government.
    Women are playing an increasingly role with their presence in the Consultation Council (Majlis A’ Shura) and the State Council (Majlis A’ Dawla), while five female lawyers were recently appointed as attorney generals to the legislative.
    The Middle East region is often accused of suppressing the freedoms and the potential of its female populations. In Oman it is immediately evident to any visitor that while women often pursue the freedom to dress as they wish by choosing to wear modest attire, their potential and ambitions are far from suppressed.




    Social Care:
    • Social Insurance
    The Social Security Law promulgated by Royal Decree No. 72/91, came into force with effect from 1st July 1992. One of its articles stipulated that a government body should be formed under the name of the Public Authority for Social Insurance (www.taminat.com), to provide protection for Omanis employed in the private sector who are facing financial difficulties as a result of disease, disability or old age.
    • Al Wafa Voluntary Social Centres
    The Al Wafa Voluntary Social Centres are part of an integrated government project inspired by a philosophy of community-based rehabilitation. They are designed to provide handicapped children with welfare services close to home. At the end of 2003, 19 such centres staffed by 305 female volunteers were providing services for some 1,604 children with various types of disabilities, including 810 boys and 794 girls.
    • Centre for the Care and Rehabilitation of the Disabled
    The Centre for the Care and Rehabilitation of the Disabled, founded in 1987 is one of the leading centres specialised in providing the disabled with rehabilitation services, education and vocational training. Its main function is to provide the disabled with the vocational knowledge and skills that will enable them to earn a livelihood and serve their community.



    Health Services :
    • Hospitals, polyclinics and health centres have been opened in all regions and equipped with cutting edge health technology. By the end of 2003 there were 49 hospitals with 4,501 beds, as well as 119 health centres and 10 polyclinics.
    • The referral hospitals providing secondary health care services are equipped to deal with more complex medical problems and specialist staff offer high levels of skill in a range of disciplines.
    • In 2000 the World Health organisation (WHO) placed the Sultanate 1st in the "Overall Level of Health Care" and 8th at World level for "Overall System Performance" .
    • Oman’s primary vaccine store became the 1st in the world to meet the new WHO/UNICEF criteria of Effective Vaccine Store Management (EVSM) and was awarded a certificate in 2004 covering the period October 2002-September 2003. The EVSM initiative sets international standards and covers all aspects to fully protect vaccines from procurement to use.
    Child Immunisation
    • In 2003, 99% of the target group were immunised against polio,
      diphtheria, tetanus and whooping cough and 98% were immunised
      against measles.
    Referral Hospitals
    • The RoyalHospital in Muscat is one of the Sultanate’s specialist referral hospitals, and November 2004 will see the opening of its Oncology Centre where all types of cancer cases, including those needing radiotherapy will be treated with two linear accelerators, a brachy therapy system, a CT scanner and a dedicated operating theatre.
    Health care
    • Before 1970 no more than 100 people were employed in the health sector and only 13 of those were doctors. However, by the end of 2003 the Ministry of Health had a staff of 18,579 including 2,635 doctors and 7,340 male and female nurses. Omanis accounted for 61% of the total workforce. The 500-bed SultanQaboosUniversityHospital is one of the Sultanate’s leading health care facilities. Its mission is to provide high-quality health care, as well as provision of general medical services to the community at large, and to train medical and allied health sciences students from the College of Medicine and Health Sciences which was established in 1987.
    • From 1998 to 2003, 459 Omanis have graduated from the Health Institutes’ post basic courses, of which 144 were in Health Management, 115 in Renal Dialysis, 85 in Midwifery, 74 in Intensive Care, 25 in Physiotherapy and 16 in Health Education, all of which contributes to the Omanisation of the health sector.




    Sports and Youth :
    • The government aims to give young people a fully rounded education by providing activities and experience in the sporting, cultural, intellectual, social and scientific spheres, and to excel internationally in these areas and for this reason in October 2004 created a Ministry of Sports Affairs to replace the General Organisation for Youth, Sports and Cultural Affairs.
    • Olympics The International Olympic Committee (IOC) awarded the former GOYSCA its prestigious prize for sporting excellence in recognition of its contributions to youth and sports and its efforts to promote the Olympic spirit and goals.
    • The Oman Olympic Committee played a major part in organizing the highly successful 2003 Olympic Days, which were of great benefit to the sports associations, clubs and young participants. The Football Association took part, along with the Handball, Basketball, Hockey, Volleyball, Athletics, Swimming, and Tennis Associations.
    • Youth Activities In 2003 some 6,447 boys and girls took part in youth activities, which, as well as sport, included youth camps, literary competitions and forums, plays, art workshops and science training courses. A range of social activities were also organised during the summer months when it offers youngsters an opportunity to make constructive use of their school holidays by attending camps and summer centres and going on trips to places of interest. Over 1000 young people from across the country attended youth work camps during 2003. A variety of cultural excursions, offered the students an opportunity to learn about their country’s history and heritage.

    Overview :

    The Omani culture has its roots firmly in the Islamic religion. Oman developed its own particular form of Islam, called Ibadhism, after its founder, Abdullah ibn Ibadh who lived during the 7th century AD. Not all Omanis are Ibadhis, however: there are also Sunni Muslims and Shia Muslims. Omanis are not only tolerant of the beliefs of different Muslim divisions, they are also tolerant towards believers of other faiths, who are allowed to practise their religion in churches and temples. Islam is based on the fulfillment of the 'Five Pillars of Islam' or the hadiths. By fulfilling these duties one is assured of a place in heaven.
    The awqaf are religious endowments which can take the form of property or revenue and are administered by the Ministry of Awqaf and Religious Affairs for the maintenance of mosques and for the benefit of the community. The zakat is a charity tax which is paid to the needy. Every Muslim must pay this, according to his means.
    All Muslims are obliged to fast during Ramadhan, one of the Pillars of Islam. For around 29 to 30 days, each Islamic year, Muslims refrain from smoking, eating and drinking during the hours of fasting (from sunrise to sunset). Ramadhan advances 10 to 11 days each year as it is governed by the lunar calendar.
    The Haj or pilgrimage is anotherPillar of Islam. The pilgrims travel to al-Medina in Saudi Arabia to visit the Prophet's tomb before travelling to the holy sites in Mecca. In 1999, there were approximately 19,000 Muslims travelling from Oman to Saudi Arabia. The pilgrimage is organised and coordinated by the Ministry, which ensures the pilgrims' health and safety during the course of their stay.




    Traditional Omani Food:

    The Omani people are well known for their hospitality and offers of *******ment. To be invited into someone's home will mean coffee (kahwa), a strong, bitter drink flavoured with cardamom, and dates or halwa, a sticky sweet gelatinous substance which is made from brown sugar, eggs, honey and spices. It can be flavoured with many different ingredients, such as nuts, rosewater or even chocolate. Lokhemat is another accompaniment to coffee, which are balls of flour and yeast flavoured with cardamom and deep fried until golden then served with a sweet lime and cardamom syrup. The sweetness of this dish often counteracts the bitterness of the kahwa.
    More substantial meals often have rice as the main ingredient, together with cooked meats. The main daily meal is usually eaten at midday, while the evening meal is lighter. Maqbous is a rice dish, tinged yellow with saffron and cooked over a spicy red or white meat. Aursia is a festival meal, served during celebrations, which consists of mashed rice flavoured with spices. Another popular festival meal is shuwa, which is meat cooked very slowly (sometimes for up to two days) in an underground clay oven. The meat becomes extremely tender and it is impregnated with spices and herbs before cooking to give it a very distinct taste. Fish is often used in main dishes too, and the kingfish is a popular ingredient. Mashuai is a meal comprising whole spit-roasted kingfish served with lemon rice. The rukhal bread is a thin, round bread originally baked over a fire made from palm leaves. It is eaten at any meal, typically served with Omani honey for breakfast or crumbled over curry for dinner.


    Traditional Crafts:
    HALWA

    Omani halwa (sweet) is famous at home and abroad as a symbol of traditional Omani hospitality. It .

    is usually served in Omani homes before drinking Arabic coffee.


    The main ingredients which go into the making of halwa are: starch, eggs, sugar, water, ghee, saffron, cardamom, nuts and rose water from the Jebel al Akdhar. The ingredients are mixed, in proportions and quantities known only to the skilled halwamaker, and cooked in a mirjnl (large cooking pot used especially for halwa) for a time of not less than 2 hours.

    The cooking can be done over a gas or electric stove, but the preferred method is over a wood fire made up of snmr wood, known for its durability, smoke and odourfree properties.


    After cooking, the halwa can be preserved for more than four months without losing its quality, and without the need for refrigeration or preserving agents.


    Halwa is usually served in a dist, a large earthenware bowl, which can vary in size and composition according to demand or type of occasion. The list can also be made of metal or plastic. Halwa is invariably served at times of joy or sorrow and, on religious occasions and festivals. It graces the tables of every Omani home.





    Folk Songs and Dances:
    Each region of Oman has its own songs and dances unique to the area. During festivals and ceremonies, these are performed for the appropriate occasion. In March 2001, the Omani Song Festival will be held. The competition is being run by the Ministry of National Heritage and Culture and the winner will have the opportunity to have an album made of his songs.
    In the Sharqiya region, there are three main types of songs pertaining to the different environments in the area. These songs fall into the following categories: of the sea; of the desert; and of the urban areas. The sea songs reflect sailors' duties when preparing the ship to sail; during the voyage; and upon their return. There are eight types of sea songs such as Shillat al Hamool (The Song of the Porters) which is performed when loading goods onto the ship while they pray to God to keep them safe during their journey. Another type is the Naza Al Sharaa (Raising the Sails): each sail has its own song which differs in speed and text.
    The Hambal is a singing march performed by sailors on their way to the Razha (see below). There are two drummers, leading the procession, who turn to face the marching participants and walk backwards, encouraging them to show their bravery and courage.
    The desert songs often praise the sturdiness of the camel. The Al Taghrud is sung while riding the camels, which encourages both the animal and its rider. It is a group song with a fixed chant which does not change from place to place. The Al Taariq Bedouin song is sung either atop the camel or seated on the ground. Two singers perform it in alternate verses. This song praises the she-camel and her merits and reflects the slower pace of the camel as opposed to the Taghrud which mimics the camel when it is travelling at speed.

    In the Dhofar region, the Bar'aa is performed as a celebration of youth by two dancers, each holding a dagger in his right hand and his shal, fixed at the waist, in his left hand. The characteristic movement of the Bar'aa is a powerful one-footed leap into the air. The two dancers move in a synchronised series of steps, advancing and retreating while they both make full circles. At a particular moment, both dancers bow down before the musicians to allow the soloists to come forward and sing.
    The Raqs al Nisaa is the Women's Dance, which is one of the most frequently performed dances in that region. The women move amongst the seated participants, bedecked in gold and holding their veils while making small, measured steps. Two dancers perform at a time, until they have circled the area and then they sit down to allow the next pair to continue.
    The Al Wailah is a dance performed by women in the wilayat of Ibri in the Dhahira region. The women form into groups, each woman placing her right hand on her neighbour's shoulders and the groups move around in unison. At the start, each woman shakes a silver rattle, which she holds in her free hand, to emphasise the simple rhythm. When the leader of the group gives her rattle a long shake, the women exchange places and form circles. The dancing is accompanied by singing and drumming.
    The Taymina is a traditional song of the Dakhliyah region which is sung when a child learns the Quran by heart. The children of the local school gather in a procession behind the teacher of the Quran, who reads a passage of a religious nature. At the end of each verse the children reply with, "Amin", in a unified voice.




    National Dress:-
    · Men

    The national dress for Omani men is a simple, ankle-length, collarless gown with long sleeves called the dishdasha. The colour most frequently worn is white, although a variety of other colours such as black, blue, brown and lilac can also be seen. Its main adornment is a tassel (furakha) sewn into the neckline, which can be impregnated with perfume. Underneath the dishdasha, a plain piece of cloth covering the body is worn from the waist down. Omani men may wear a variety of head dresses. The muzzar is a square of finely woven woollen or cotton fabric, wrapped and folded into a turban. Underneath this, the kummar, an intricately embroidered cap, is sometimes worn. The shal, a long strip of cloth acting as a holder for the khanjar (a silver, hand-crafted knife or dagger) may be made from the same material as the muzzar. Alternatively, the holder may be fashioned in the form of a belt made from leather and silver, which is called a sapta. On formal occasions, the dishdasha may be covered by a black or beige cloak, called a bisht. The embroidery edging the cloak is often in silver or gold thread and it is intricate in detail. Some men carry the assa, a stick, which can have practical uses or is simply used as an accessory during formal events. Omani men, on the whole, wear sandals on their feet.
    · Women
    Omani women have very colourful costumes which vary from region to region. The main components of a woman's outfit comprise of a dress which is worn over trousers (sirwal) and the headdress, called the lihaf.
    There are numerous traditional styles of Omani costume seen in Muscat. However, there are three main types which show vibrant colours, embroidery and decorations. One style of costume is rather flowing and resembles that worn by the women of the Interior, while another is decorated with distinctive silver bands. The embroidery on these dresses can take around two months to complete.
    In the Dhofar region, the dress (or thob) is known as the Abu Dhail, which means 'one with a tail'. This dress is shorter at the front than at the rear and is made from luxurious velvet or cotton, shot with gold and silver embroidery, beads and sequins. It has a square neckline and is generally worn with a lightweight, cotton or silk sh'ela (head dress) which may also be sewn with pearls, sequins and sometimes small gold coins for special celebrations. Elaborate jewellery is often worn with this dress, around the head, neck, wrists, ankles, fingers and toes. The Dhofari women rarely wear a birka (mask), but the older ladies, originating from the Nejd (the desert area) and the mountains may do so. The birka is often dyed gold or indigo. Some women pierce their noses on both sides and can be seen wearing a carnelian stone, which is a dull red, and a gold flower stud. Indigo is often used as a skin preparation which is rubbed into the face and then washed off using the leaves of the becium dhofarense imparting a bluish tinge which is enhanced by the dresses and robes.



    Shabab Oman:

    Shabab Oman is one of the largest vessels of its era in the world, which is still seaworthy and in active service. She is considered an important ambassador for Oman, visiting many countries and participating in international celebrations and events, and acts as a reminder of Oman's ancient maritime history.
    The ship was built in 1971 in Scotland from Scottish Oak and pine from Uruguay. She was first under the dictate of the Ministry for Youth, but in 1979, she was transferred to the Royal Navy of Oman for use as a training ship, teaching the trainees important navigational skills and providing experience to sail the seas.
    Since joining the Navy, Shabab Oman has travelled to many countries including Australia, Russia, Japan, the United States, the United Kingdom, France and the Mediterranean. Training courses are still run on the ship, some of which last a few weeks, and are attended by young trainees from the Sultan's Armed Forces, the Royal Guard, and the Royal Oman Police. The ship is capable of accommodating 24 persons and during their voyages, the crew are provided with the opportunities to experience international cultures.



    SOURCES:

    .


    www.arab.net


    www.zanzinet.COM


    www.majalisna.com


    www.omanya.com


    www.alwatan.com


    www.omanet.com


    History of Oman (book)


    OMAN IN (2002-2003-2004-2005)


    هذا البحث انا قدمته للدكتور مالي ويبت فيه 39 من 40 بس البحث اللي نزلته ناقص فيه الصور لأني ما عرفت كيف انزل البحث كامل واللي يبا البحث كامل يبلغني وراح ارسله على ايميله مع تمنياتي للجميع بالتوفيق

  2. #2
    ما شاء الله عليك امير الحزن،،،

    كفيت ووفيت بالموضوع ،،،،

    تسلم ع الموضوع بارك الله فيك،،،

    ومبروك ع الدرجة الحلوة،،،،

  3. #3
    الصورة الرمزية امير الحزن
    Title
    نبض جديــد
    تاريخ التسجيل
    11- 2006
    العمر
    42
    المشاركات
    51
    تسلمين اختي وان شاء الله دايما اكون عند حسن ظنكم فيني
    وان شاء الله كل جديد راح اعرضه عليكم

  4. #4
    الصورة الرمزية امير الاحزان
    Title
    نبض جديــد
    تاريخ التسجيل
    11- 2006
    المشاركات
    286
    شكرا لك على الموضوع ياخ امير الحزن

    منتظرين المزيد من مواضيعك الجميله


    تقبل خاااالص تحياتى اخوكـ

    امير الاحزان

  5. #5
    الصورة الرمزية امير الحزن
    Title
    نبض جديــد
    تاريخ التسجيل
    11- 2006
    العمر
    42
    المشاركات
    51
    اقتباس المشاركة الأصلية كتبت بواسطة امير الاحزان مشاهدة المشاركة
    شكرا لك على الموضوع ياخ امير الحزن


    منتظرين المزيد من مواضيعك الجميله


    تقبل خاااالص تحياتى اخوكـ


    امير الاحزان

    ان شاء الله اطرح كل ما هو مفيد وجميل وتسلم يا اخوي امير الاحزان

  6. #6
    الصورة الرمزية smart123
    Title
    نبض جديــد
    تاريخ التسجيل
    10- 2006
    المشاركات
    17
    thank u for these nice and well organize work
    looking for more from u

  7. #7
    الصورة الرمزية امير الحزن
    Title
    نبض جديــد
    تاريخ التسجيل
    11- 2006
    العمر
    42
    المشاركات
    51
    اقتباس المشاركة الأصلية كتبت بواسطة smart123 مشاهدة المشاركة
    thank u for these nice and well organize work
    looking for more from u
    مشككككووور اخوي عالمرور

  8. #8
    الصورة الرمزية عاشق السمراء
    Title
    "رجل عادي جدا"
    تاريخ التسجيل
    05- 2002
    المشاركات
    21,307
    مسااااااااااااء جميل !!

    يعطيك العافية اخي امير .. مجتهد ما شاء الله !!

  9. #9
    الصورة الرمزية امير الحزن
    Title
    نبض جديــد
    تاريخ التسجيل
    11- 2006
    العمر
    42
    المشاركات
    51
    اقتباس المشاركة الأصلية كتبت بواسطة عاشق السمراء مشاهدة المشاركة
    مسااااااااااااء جميل !!

    يعطيك العافية اخي امير .. مجتهد ما شاء الله !!

    الله يعافيك اخوي
    وان شاء الله دوم اكون مجتهد لصالح رقي هذا المنتدى

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